The first two issues noted above center on the inequitable distribution of controversial land uses and the regional impacts of local level planning efforts to push out such uses. Filling the gap in our understanding of massage parlor clustering is vitally important as planners work not only to regulate and control unwanted and controversial land uses but also to create enabling environments for formalized economic development and growth, especially for immigrant populations. As such, studying how economic forces of customer demand and labor supply, and local regulation, relate to the spatial clustering of sexually oriented massage parlors provides a way for planners, scholars, and advocates to better understand some key planning issues. 2013 Lever, Kanouse, and Berry 2005 Polaris Project 2011 Robbins 2014 Vives and Goffard 2017), embody the intersection of several important planning issues: potential negative secondary effects of controversial land uses, the possible inequitable distribution of controversial land uses, lack of awareness of the potentially productive economic function of illegal business activities, and enabling factors for legal immigrant business development. Sexually oriented massage parlors, which primarily employ Asian immigrant women workers ( Bungay et al.
